The project is also funded from grants received from the Struwig Germeshuysen Trust, School of Medicine Research Committee of the University of Pretoria and the South African National Research Foundation provided by A

The project is also funded from grants received from the Struwig Germeshuysen Trust, School of Medicine Research Committee of the University of Pretoria and the South African National Research Foundation provided by A.M. concentration of 0.5 M. Cells exposed to EE-15-ol exhibited 95% cell growth in the MCF-7 cell line (Physique 3a) and 106% cell growth in the MDA-MB-231 cell line (Physique 3b) compared to those exposed to its sulphamoylated counterpart (ESE-15-ol) NSC87877 which resulted in only 67% cell growth in the MCF-7 cell line and 64% cell growth in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. EE-one exposure resulted in 102% and 114% cell growth in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively, whereas ESE-one exposure exhibited 57% cell growth in the MCF-7 cell line and 71% growth in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. 2-E-diol exposure resulted in 119% and 130% cell growth in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 NSC87877 cell lines compared to 52% and 72% growth, respectively (Physique 3a,b). Crystal violet studies demonstrated that this compounds owning a sulphamate moiety indeed have a significant inhibitory effect on cell growth as they exhibited more prominent cell growth inhibition compared to their non-sulphamoylated counterparts which had the opposite effect by inducing cell growth. Open in a separate window Physique 3 Graph of MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cells illustrating effect on proliferation after exposure to sulphamoylated and non-sulphamoylated compounds. Non-sulphamoylated compounds exerted no significant inhibiting effect on cell growth in MCF-7 cell inhibition whereas sulphamoylated compounds exhibited at least 28% cell inhibition in both cell lines. Non-sulphamoylated compounds had an opposite effect and caused cell growth exhibited by EE-one and 2-E-diol. (a) MCF-7 cells, (b) NSC87877 MDA-MB-231 cells. Asterisk (*) represents 0.05) compared to cells exposed to non-sulphamoylated compounds. ESE-one was chosen as a representative for the sulphamoylated compounds and was thus used in subsequent experiments. 2.3. ROS Scavengers Oppose the Antiproliferative Effects of Sulphamoylated Compounds (ESE-One) Cell growth studies were done using 0.5 M ESE-one in the presence or absence of ROS inhibitors. These inhibitors include mannitol which inhibits hydroxyl radical, sodium azide which inhibits oxygen singlet, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (Carboxy-PTIO), which inhibits nitric oxide, tiron which inhibits superoxide anion, value of 0.05 compared to ESE-one treated cells. DMTU, an inhibitor of hydrogen peroxide, was used to evaluate if antiproliferative activity induced by ESE-one in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines is dependent on the production of hydrogen peroxide. Co-exposure to DMTU restored cell growth to 93% (2 mM), 104% (4 mM), 101% (6 mM), 102% (8 mM) and 96% (10 mM) compared to 60% cell growth induced by ESE-one exposure in MCF-7 cells (Physique 5a). These results NSC87877 demonstrate that DMTU inhibits the antiproliferative effect exerted by ESE-one from a concentration of 2 mM, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide plays an essential role in the antiproliferative effect induced by ESE-one. DMTU exposure to MDA-MB-231 cells restored cell growth to 64% (2 mM), 80% (4 mM), 79% (6 mM), 87% (8 mM) and 84% (10 mM) compared to 69% cell growth induced by ESE-one (Physique 5b). DMTU exposure significantly increases cell growth in MDA-MB-231 uncovered cells at 8 mM. However, cell growth was only partially restored by DMTU in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Open in a separate window Physique 5 Cell growth inhibition graphs of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to ESE-one in combination with DMTU ( 0.05) compared to ESE-one treated cells. Trolox, a peroxyl radical inhibitor, was used to determine if the antiproliferative effects induced by ESE-one are dependent on production of peroxyl radical. Co-exposure to trolox and ESE-one resulted GPM6A in 56% (10 M), 64%.