Supplementary Materials Supporting Figures pnas_99_10_6883__index. from within 5HS4 is sufficient to confer safety against silencing of transgenes caused by CPE. Further dissection of the core reveals that 5HS4 is definitely a compound element in which it is possible to independent enhancer obstructing order Hycamtin and barrier activities. We demonstrate that full safety against CPE is definitely conferred by order Hycamtin mutant 5HS4 sequences from which the CTCF-binding site has been deleted. In contrast, mutations of four additional protein binding sites within 5HS4 result in varying reductions in the ability to protect against CPE. We find that binding sites for CTCF are neither necessary nor adequate for safety against CPE. Comparison of the properties of 5HS4 with those of additional CTCF-binding enhancer-blocking elements suggests that CPE safety is associated with maintenance of a high level of histone acetylation near the insulator, conferred by insulator binding-proteins other than CTCF. in all cell types (8, 9). In earlier papers we used the enhancer-blocking assay to analyze the large 1.2-kb insulator element (Fig. ?(Fig.11and earlier data on histone acetylation patterns makes it clear that acetylation is not correlated with CTCF binding and enhancer blocking but with the DNA sequences associated with barrier function and safety against position effect. Materials and Methods Recombinant Plasmid Constructs. Several unique restriction sites were added to the pGEM-IL2R reporter. Downstream from the /? enhancer (7), the gene was replaced by us from the vector plasmid. This hygromycin level of resistance and reporter plasmid DNA proportion led to 50% of steady lines harboring single-copy integrants. The selectable marker plasmid pREP7 gets the hygromycin level of resistance gene beneath the control of the thymidine kinase promoter (Invitrogen). It had been excised for transfection by triple-restriction enzyme digestive function (cleaving sites, with ref. 7). All comparative lines display high degrees of recombinant IL2R appearance after removal of hygromycin selection. Expression levels stay the same for at least 80 times in tradition (observe Figs. 6C21, which are published as supporting info within the PNAS internet site, www.pnas.org, for manifestation data from all the lines tested). Open in a separate windows Number 2 CTCF-binding sites are neither necessary nor adequate for barrier activity. Two copies of test fragments order Hycamtin were placed on each part of the IL2R reporter and stably integrated into 6C2 cells. Results order Hycamtin of FACS analyses for IL2R manifestation at 0, 40, and 80 days after removal of hygromycin selection are demonstrated; quantity of cells (and and locus (15, 16) and the BEAD part of the human being T-cell receptor / Pf4 locus (17). Both of these happen to be shown to possess enhancer-blocking activity and bind the protein CTCF (12, 18). Reporters were flanked with either one copy of a 1,604-bp DMD fragment or one copy of a 1,970-bp BEAD fragment. Neither of these elements is able to guard the IL2R reporter from chromosomal position effect (data not demonstrated). CTCF-Binding Sites Are Neither Necessary Nor Adequate for Chromosomal Position-Effect Safety. We next undertook a methodical dissection of the 250-bp core element. Because the CTCF-binding site FII experienced proven central to the enhancer-blocking activity of the core (5), we began by using a core element from which FII had been deleted. To our order Hycamtin surprise (Fig. ?(Fig.22two properties: positional enhancer-blocking activity and the ability to act as a barrier against chromosomal position effect. This element was recognized originally and analyzed like a 1.2-kb DNA fragment containing the constitutive hypersensitive site HS4. Later on work focusing on enhancer-blocking activity showed that a 250-bp core element comprising the hypersensitive site is definitely fully practical, and that a solitary binding site for the protein CTCF, FII, is necessary and adequate to block the action of an enhancer on a promoter when placed between them (5, 6, 10). We repeated this approach in attempting to dissect the elements in the 1.2-kb insulator responsible for barrier activity. We found that, as in the earlier assay, we could confer total position-effect safety with two copies of the core element on either part of the reporter, but the CTCF-binding site FII was dispensable for this barrier activity. More directly, we found that a single copy.
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