Therefore, IVIg therapy could be a potential therapeutic option against COVID-19 [59]

Therefore, IVIg therapy could be a potential therapeutic option against COVID-19 [59]. the end of 2019, the National Health Commission of China released more details about the epidemic in early 2020 [2]. The causative computer virus was initially RO-9187 called novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Business (WHO), but it was then renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the international committee of the Coronavirus Study Group (CSG), and the disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO [3]. It is thought that the Hunan seafood market in Wuhan city in China was the origin of the outbreak. Although it had been proposed that this COVID-19 patients in China might have utilized infected animals as a foodstuff, or might have frequented the seafood market, further investigation revealed that some patients had not frequented the seafood market. Snap23 Therefore, the human-to-human transmission of this virus through coughing, sneezing, and the spread of respiratory droplets or aerosols was accepted. Additionally, almost all countries in continents throughout the world reported disease spread caused by aerosol penetration into the upper the respiratory tract and lungs via inhalation [4], [5]. There followed a rapid growth in the number of cases all around the world. A mathematical model examined whether the control of SARS-CoV-2 contamination could be achieved by isolating affected patients, and tracking their contacts with other individuals. This model concluded that isolating people and critiquing their contacts would be insufficient to control the COVID-19 pandemic within three months, because there would be too much delay between the onset of symptoms and isolation [6]. Thus, observing preventive measures, especially isolation and lockdown, would be essential. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious, and there has not yet been any vaccine or effective treatment that has received approval. So, the best answer for controlling the pandemic will be the simultaneous application of preventive methods, sensitive diagnostic methods, and using current available drugs, while still developing novel treatments [7], [8], [9]. This study presents the latest information about COVID-19 transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic options. 2.?SARS-CoV-2 characteristics SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, positive-sense, and single-stranded 29.9?kb RNA beta-coronavirus [10], [11]. Investigation of the SARS-CoV-2 genome proved that it has 88% similarity with the RO-9187 bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21 sequences, and was 96.2% identical to another bat CoV RaTG13 [12]. However, some recent investigations have suggested that pangolins that were smuggled from Malaysia to China, along with other possible intermediate hosts like turtles or snakes could be the direct origin of the virus instead of a bat [13]. Moreover, the protein-coding genes of SARS-CoV-2 have 79.5% and 51% sequence similarity to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 computer virus employs the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for cellular entry, much like SARS-CoV [3], [14]. Therefore, previous treatments that were used to control the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics, might also be effective in SARS-CoV-2. 3.?Clinical consequences The first symptoms are commonly recognized as fever, dry cough, tachypnea, and shortness of breath [15]. Although diarrhea was present in about 20C25% of patients with MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV contamination, intestinal symptoms are rarely seen in patients with COVID-19. In another study, confusion, chest pain, vomiting, and nausea were also reported as COVID-19 symptoms [16]. Other symptoms include, sore throat, sneezing, nasal congestion, sputum production, anosmia and dyspepsia, rash on the skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes, and viral conjunctivitis. Some laboratory studies have shown the occurrence of cytokine storm, sepsis, and RNAaemia in COVID-19 [17], [18]. Clinical chemistry studies have shown increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), C-reactive RO-9187 protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell (WBC) count, D-dimer level, procalcitonin, urea, and creatinine. Decreases in hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, eosinophil count, and serum albumin have been detected in COVID-19 patients [17]. The most common radiological findings in patients with COVID-19 were a ground-glass opacity in the lungs [19]. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 can affect the cardiovascular system [16], gastrointestinal tract [20], and can cause acute kidney failure [2], [19]. Moreover, evaluation of liver manifestations in 148 patients with COVID-19 indicated that more than one-third of the COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital had abnormal liver function, and these patients were hospitalized for a more extended RO-9187 period [21]. It must be mentioned that it is likely that a substantial quantity of asymptomatic patients can be service providers of the computer virus. The variable clinical manifestations and outcomes underline the importance of adhering.